我国人身损害赔偿法律制度中的若干思考(一)/何宁湘

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我国人身损害赔偿法律制度中的若干思考(一)
----人身损害赔偿法律法规演变过程

四川成都精济律师事务所 何宁湘律师


  [ 前面的话 ]
  人身损害赔偿是我国法律制度建设过程中,长期以来,在立法上、实践上以及理论上始终没有加以很好解决的问题。
  2003年12月26日最高人民法院公布了《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,它是在我国制定民法典侵权行为法的过程中出台,具有重要的意义。回顾与研究我国人身损害赔偿法律法规演变过程,对于研究、掌握与适用《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》是十分重要的。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  一、我国人身损害赔偿法律制度的建立
  新中国成立后,未能及时建立健全民法制度,50年代期间,发生的人身损害与各种工业事故、交通事故和其他人身伤亡事故不多,当时多采用政策处理,因此要求健全赔偿法律制度的问题并不严重。但其必要性已显现出来。60年代要解决民事审判的具体问题,便以民事政策来替代,以解急需。1963年8月28日的《关于贯彻执行民事政策的几个问题的意见》,主要涉及了家庭婚姻、财产权纠纷等主流案件的处理意见,仍尚未涉及人身损害赔偿这方面。
  “文革”期间,已无这方面可能性。“文革”之后,司法工作、审判工作、立法工作逐步缓慢恢复与建立,开始研究怎样做到起码的保护人身权利,最高人民法院于1979年制定了《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律的意见》。
  《意见》中的最后一部分,第一次作出了“赔偿问题”:

  (四)赔偿问题
  赔偿纠纷,一般应由当事人所在单位或有关部门处理。需要法院处理时,人民法院应本着有利安定团结的精神,根据党和国家的政策法律,分清是非责任。对有错误的要进行严肃的批评教育,责令其检查,赔礼道歉。造成经济损失的,应负责赔偿。如需要治疗,要酌情让伤害者负担医疗费,其数额,一般以当地治疗所需医疗费为标准,凭单据给付。确实需要转院治疗的,应有医疗单位的证明。因养伤误工的损失,应与有关单位研究解决。无论医疗费和养伤误工补贴,都不能超过赔偿范围。
  对损坏财物的,应根据责任的大小,损坏的程度,酌情赔偿一部或全部。
  对未成年子女因损害造成他人经济上的损失,其父母应负责赔偿。



  1984年8月30日最高人民法院做出了《关于贯彻执行民事政策法律若干问题的意见》,专门规定了“损害赔偿问题”专题共10个条文。其中,有两个条文是规定侵权损害赔偿总则内容,两个条文规定特殊侵权责任,5个条文规定人身损害赔偿,共9个条文。由此可见,最高人民法院对人身损害赔偿问题已提到一个相当的地位。

  九、损害赔偿问题
  人民法院审理损害赔偿案件,要依法保护国家、集体和个人的财产权益。在分清是非责任的基础上,对造成损害的,应追究侵权行为人的民事赔偿责任。在处理时,应本着有利团结的精神,根据实际情况,合情合理地予以处理。
  (72)因致害人的过错,使受害人遭受损害的,致害人应承担赔偿责任。受害人也有过错的,可以相应地减轻致害人的赔偿责任。损害完全是因受害人自己的过错造成的,应由自己负责。双方都有过错、互有损害的,要分清双方过错和责任大小,应由双方各处承担相应的赔偿责任。
  (73)两个以上致害人共同造成损害的,应根据各个致害人的过错和责任的大小,分别承担各自相应的赔偿责任。教唆或者帮助造成损害的人,应以共同致害人对待,由其承担相应的赔偿责任。部分共同致害人无力赔偿的,由其他共同致害人负连带责任。
  (74)动物因饲养人或管理人管理不善,而致他人人身或财物损害的,应由饲养人或管理人承担赔偿责任。
  (75)存放、使用农药等有毒物品,违反有关管理使用规定,造成他人人身、牲畜、家禽、农作物等损害的,管理或使用人应予赔偿。
  (76)造成财物损害的,赔偿时,能修复的尽量修复;修复后严重影响其质量和价值的,可酌情予以适当的经济补偿,不能修复的,可以用种类和质量相同的实物赔偿,也可以折价赔偿。
  (77)对受害人误工工资的赔偿,原则上应按治疗医院出具的假条证明书计算误工日期,赔偿工资的标准,按受害人工资或实际收入的数额计算。
  (78)受害人是城乡专业承包户或个体经营户的,其误工费的计算,原则上应以当地个体同行业、同等劳力当月的平均收入为准。
  (79)对医药治疗费的赔偿,应以治疗医院的诊断证明和医药费的单据为凭。凡治疗与损害无关的疾病,或没有转院证明、未经医务部门的批准,另找医院治疗及擅自购买药品的,其费用原则上不予赔偿。
  (80)经医院批准专事护理的人,其误工补助费按收入的实际损失计算。本人没有工资收入的,其补偿标准,应以一个临时工的工资为限。
  (81)需送医院抢救或还须转院治疗的受害人,其交通费和住宿费,应根据实际情况,由加害人酌情补付。



  这两个《意见》是当时处理民事纠纷案件必用法律依据,距今天已25年过去了,而律师制度恢复后的那部分“国家法律工作者”对此现仍记忆犹新。

  二、《民法通则》公布
  1、在1983年《意见》这个司法解释基础上,国家在1986年制定了基本法《民法通则》。《民法通则》的公布实施,标志我国人身损害赔偿法律制度的正式建立,告别人民法院没有法律而依靠政策与司法解释作判决的情形。

  第一百一十九条 侵害公民身体造成伤害的,应当赔偿医疗费、因误工减少的收入、残废者生活补助费等费用;造成死亡的,并应当支付丧葬费、死者生前扶养的人必要的生活费等费用。
  第一百二十条 公民的姓名权、 肖像权、 名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的,有权要求停止侵害,恢复名誉,消除影响,赔礼道歉,并可以要求赔偿损失。
  法人的名称权、名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的,适用前款规定。


  遗憾的是,只有第119条规定了人身损害赔偿。这条法律规定存在着的不完备性与不完善性的严重缺陷。其中,造成伤残的赔偿数额远远高于造成死亡的赔偿数额,使得健康权的价值远远高于人的生命权的严重问题,人们对生命的价值产生了怀疑不说,还导致了社会流传“撞伤不如撞死”的“警句”。
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SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 395)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  pplication
  Connected with a corporation"
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  Dealing in securities"
  Take-over offer"
  Relevant information"
  II    INSIDER DEALING
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Certain persons not to be held insider dealers
  Trustees and personal representatives
  Exercise of right to subscribe for or acquire securities
  Duty of officers of corporation
  Insider dealing not void or voidable
  III   INSIDER DEALING TRIBUNAL
  Constitution of Tribunal Inquiries by Tribunal
  Inquiries into insider dealing
  Powers of Tribunal
  Further powers of Tribunal to obtain information
  Incriminating answers
  Offences
  Privileged information Report and orders of Tribunal
  Report of Tribunal following inquiry
  Orders etc. of Tribunal
  Order against officer of corporation
  Limitation on aggregate amount of penalties
  Witnesses' expenses
  Expenses of investigation and inquiry
  Form and proof of order of Tribunal
  Order of Tribunal may be registered in Court
  Offence
  IV    APPEALS
  Appeal to Court of Appeal
  Powers of the Court of Appeal on appeal
  Stay of execution on appeal
  V    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by corporation, etc.
  Limitation on commencement of proceedings
  Chief Justice may make rules
  44. (Omitted)
 Whole document:
  
  dule.
  rdinance to amend the law relating to insider dealing in 
securities;
  for connected purposes.
  eptember 1991] L. N. 269 of 1991
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Securities (Insider Dealing)
Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ociate", in relation to a person entitled to exercise or control 
the
  cise of voting power in relation to a corporation, means--
  that person's spouse, reputed spouse, person co-habiting 
with that
  on as a spouse, that person's brother, sister, parent, 
step-parent,
  d (natural or adopted) or step-child;
  any corporation of which that person is a director;
  any person who is an employee or partner of that person;
  if that person is a corporation--
  any director of that corporation;
  any related corporation of that corporation; and
  ) any director or employee of any such related corporation; and
  if that person has with any other person an agreement or 
arrangement
  respect to the acquisition, holding or disposal of shares or 
other
  rests in that corporation or under which they undertake 
to act
  ther in exercising their voting power in relation to it, that 
other
  on;
  k or other document" includes--
  books of a banker;
  cheques, orders for the payment of money, bills of 
exchange, and
  issory notes in the possession or under the control of a banker;
  securities in the possession or under the control of a banker,
whether
  ay of pledge or otherwise;
  any document or record used in the ordinary course of business 
of a
  ;
  any record so used which is kept otherwise than in a legible form 
and
  apable of being reproduced in a legible form; and
  any accounts or deeds;
  mission" means the Securities and Futures Commission 
established by
  Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance (Cap. 24);
  pany" means a company as defined in section 2 (1) of the 
Companies
  nance (Cap. 32);
  troller", in relation to a corporation, means any person--
  in accordance with whose directions or instructions the 
directors of
  corporation or of another corporation of which it is a subsidiary 
are
  stomed to act; or
  who, either alone or with any associate, is entitled to exercise, 
or
  rol the exercise of, more than 33% of the voting power at 
general
  ings of the corporation or of another corporation of which it 
is a
  idiary, and references in this Ordinance to "control" 
shall be
  trued accordingly; "corporation" means any company or 
other body
  orate or an unincorporated body, incorporated or formed either
in Hong
  or elsewhere;
  
  ector" includes--
  any person occupying the position of director, by 
whatever name
  ed; and
  any person in accordance with whose directions or 
instructions the
  ctors of the corporation are accustomed to act;
  ument" includes any register, book, record, tape recording, any 
form
  omputer input or output, and any other document or similar
material
  ther produced mechanically, electrically, or manually, or by any
other
  s whatsoever);
  h Court" means the High Court of Justice;
  ding company" means a corporation which is a holding company 
within
  meaning of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  uiry" means an inquiry instituted under section 16;
  ider dealer" means a person who perpetrates any act which 
is an
  der dealing within the meaning of section 9 and also means a 
person
  is to be regarded as an insider dealer under section 16 (6);
  ider dealing" means an insider dealing within the meaning of 
section
  
  ted securities" means securities that are listed on the 
Unified
  ange at the time of any insider dealing in relation 
to those
  rities;
  icer" in relation to a corporation includes a director, 
manager or
  etary, and in relation to an unincorporated body includes every
member
  he governing body thereof; "related corporation", in relation 
to a
  oration, means--
  any corporation that is that corporation's subsidiary or 
holding
  any or a subsidiary of that corporation's holding company;
  any corporation a controller of which is also a controller of 
that
  oration; "relevant share capital" means a corporation's issued 
share
  tal of a class carrying rights to vote at general meetings 
of the
  oration;
  urities" means any shares, stocks, debentures, loan stocks, 
funds,
  s, or notes of, or issued by, any body, whether 
incorporated or
  corporated, or of any government or local government authority, 
and
  udes--
  rights, options, or interests (whether described as 
units  or
  rwise) in or in respect of any of the foregoing;
  certificates of interest or participation in, or temporary or 
interim
  ificates for, receipts for, or warrants to subscribe to or 
purchase,
  of the foregoing; or
  any instruments commonly known as securities;
  sidiary" means any corporation which is a subsidiary 
within the
  ing of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  bunal" has the meaning given to it in section 15;
  fied Exchange" means the stock market established under section
27 of
  Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  For the purpose of the definition of "controller", where a 
person is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of 33% or more of the 
voting
  r at general meetings of a corporation and that 
corporation is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of any of the voting power
at
  ral meetings of another corporation ("the effective voting 
power")
  the effective voting power at general meetings of 
that other
  oration is taken as exercisable by that person.
  
  A person shall not be deemed to be a person in accordance with 
whose
  ctions or instructions the directors of a corporation are 
accustomed
  ct by reason only that the directors of the corporation act on 
advice
  n by him in a professional capacity.
  In this Ordinance securities are deemed to be listed on the 
Unified
  ange notwithstanding that dealings in such securities 
have been
  ended.
  In this Ordinance a reference to an interest in securities is 
to be
  as including an interest of any kind whatsoever in the 
securities;
  accordingly there are to be disregarded any restraints or
restrictions
  hich the exercise of any right attached to the interest 
may be
  ect.
  pplication
  Ordinance shall not have effect with respect to an insider dealing
in
  tion to the listed securities of a corporation which has taken 
place
  re the commencement of this Ordinance.
  Connected with a corporation"
  A person is connected with a corporation for the purposes of
section 9
  being an individual--
  he is a director or employee of that corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he is a substantial shareholder in the corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he occupies a position which may reasonably be expected to give 
him
  ss to relevant information concerning the corporation by virtue
of--
  any professional or business relationship existing between
himself (or
  employer or a corporation of which he is a director or a firm of
which
  s a partner) and that corporation, a related corporation or an
officer
  ubstantial shareholder in either of such corporations; or
  his being a director, employee or partner of a 
substantial
  eholder in the corporation or a related corporation; or
  he has access to relevant information in relation to the 
corporation
  irtue of his being connected (within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b)
  c)) with another corporation, being information which relates 
to any
  saction (actual or contemplated) involving both those
corporations or
  lving one of them and the listed securities of the other or to 
the
  that such transaction is no longer contemplated; or
  he was at any time within the 6 months preceding any 
dealing in
  tion to listed securities within the meaning of section 9 a 
person
  ected with the corporation within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b),
  or (d).
  A corporation is a person connected with a corporation 
for the
  oses of section 9 so long as any of its directors or employees 
is a
  on connected with that other corporation within the 
meaning of
  ection (1).
  In subsection (1), "substantial shareholder" in 
relation to a
  oration means a person who has an interest in the relevant 
share
  tal of that corporation which has a nominal value equal to or 
more
  10% of the nominal value of the relevant share capital of 
that
  oration.
  
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  A public officer or a member or employee (whether such 
member or
  oyee is temporary or permanent, paid or unpaid) of any body 
referred
  n subsection (2), who in his capacity as such receives 
relevant
  rmation concerning a corporation shall be deemed to be a 
person
  ected with that corporation for the purposes of section 9.
  The bodies referred to in subsection (1) are--
  the Executive Council;
  the Legislative Council;
  the Futures Exchange Company, Stock Exchange Company or any 
clearing
  e;
  any board, commission, committee or other body appointed by 
or on
  lf of the Governor or the Governor in Council under any Ordinance;
  any body corporate established or incorporated by Ordinance; and
  any body corporate specified by the Financial Secretary by 
notice
  ished in the Gazette.
  In this section--
  aring house" means a clearing house within the meaning of section
2
  of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250) or authorized 
under
  other Ordinance to carry on business as a clearing house in
respect of
  rities;
  ures Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the 
meaning
  ection 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  ck Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the
meaning of
  ion 2 (1) of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  In the case of a body referred to in subsection (2) which 
has no
  ers the reference in subsection (1) to a member shall be construed 
as
  ference to a member of the governing body thereof.
  Dealing in securities"
  the purposes of this Ordinance, a person deals in securities if
  ther as principal or agent) he buys, sells, exchanges or 
subscribes
  or agrees to buy, sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities 
or
  ires or disposes of, or agrees to acquire or dispose of, the right 
to
  sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities.
  Take-over offer"
  his Ordinance, "take-over offer for a corporation" means an offer
made
  ll the holders (or all the holders other than the person making 
the
  r and his nominees) of the shares in the corporation to acquire 
those
  es or a specified proportion of them, or to all the holders (or 
all
  holders other than the person making the offer and his nominees)
of a
  icular class of those shares to acquire the shares of that class
or a
  ified proportion of them.
  Relevant information"
  his Ordinance "relevant information" in relation to a 
corporation
  s specific information about that corporation which is not 
generally
  n to those persons who are accustomed or would be likely to deal 
in
  listed securities of that corporation but which would if 
it were
  rally known to them be likely materially to affect the price of 
those
  rities.
 PART II INSIDER DEALING
  
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Insider dealing in relation to the listed securities of a 
corporation
  s place--
  when a person connected with a corporation who is in 
possession of
  rmation which he knows is relevant information in relation to 
that
  oration deals in any listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in such listed securities knowing or 
having
  onable cause to believe that such person would deal in them;
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, deals in the listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in those listed securities, otherwise than for 
the
  ose of such take-over;
  when relevant information in relation to a corporation is 
disclosed
  ctly or indirectly, by a person connected with that 
corporation, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows that the 
information
  elevant information in relation to the corporation and knows 
or has
  onable cause for believing that the other person will make use
of the
  rmation for the purpose of dealing, or counselling or 
procuring
  her to deal, in the listed securities of that corporation (or in 
the
  ed securities of a related corporation);
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, discloses that information, directly or 
indirectly, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows or has 
reasonable
  e for believing that the other person will make use of the
information
  the purpose in dealing, or in counselling or procuring 
another to
  , in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation);
  when a person who has information which he knows is 
relevant
  rmation in relation to a corporation which he received 
(directly or
  rectly) from a person--
  whom he knows is connected with that corporation; and
  whom he knows or has reasonable cause to believe 
held that
  rmation by virtue of being so connected,
  s in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation) or counsels or procures 
another
  on to deal in those listed securities;
  when a person who has received (directly or indirectly) from a 
person
  he knows or has reasonable cause to believe is contemplating or
is no
  er contemplating a take-over offer for a corporation, 
information to
  effect and knows that such information is relevant 
information in
  tion to that corporation, deals in the listed securities 
of that
  oration (or in the listed securities of a related 
corporation) or
  sels or procures another person to deal in those listed
securities.
  
  An insider dealing in relation to the listed 
securities of a
  oration also takes place when a person who is knowingly in 
possession
  elevant information in relation to that corporation in any 
of the
  umstances described in subsection (1) --
  counsels or procures any other person to deal in the listed
securities
  hat corporation (or in the listed securities of a related
corporation)
  he knowledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that 
person
  d deal in those listed securities outside Hong Kong on any 
stock
  ange other than the Unified Exchange; or
  discloses that relevant information to any other person 
in the
  ledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that or some 
other
  on will make use of that information for the purpose of dealing,
or of
  selling or procuring any other person to deal, in 
the listed
  rities of that corporation (or in the listed securities of a 
related
  oration) outside Hong Kong on any stock exchange other 
than the
  ied Exchange.

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新闻出版署关于鉴定淫秽、色情出版物权限的通知

新闻出版署


新闻出版署关于鉴定淫秽、色情出版物权限的通知
新闻出版署



为适应当前清查、整顿书报刊及音像市场的需要,对淫秽出版物、色情出版物的鉴定(认定)权限可以适当下放。具体办法是:1.对非法出版活动中淫秽出版物、色情出版物的鉴定,可以由各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府作出(政府可委托新闻出版局负责进行),报新闻出版署备案
;2.对本地出版单位的出版物的鉴定,也可以由各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府作出,报新闻出版署备案;3.对外出版单位的出版物的鉴定,由新闻出版局提出初步意见,通报出版单位所在地的新闻出版局进行鉴定;同时抄报新闻出版署,必要时新闻出版署直接作出鉴定;4.对中央
出版单位的出版物,仍由新闻出版局提出初步意见,报新闻出版署进行鉴定。属于上述3、4两种情况的,为及时办案需要,当地主管部门可以根据政府的批准,先行采取必要措施,包括收容审查犯罪分子,以免贻误时机。



1989年8月8日